The extensive Spanish high-speed rail network is a great national pride, but the deadly accidents have damaged that reputation

Spain has developed the second largest high-speed rail network globally, but recent fatal accidents have raised concerns about safety and maintenance. The network, which expanded rapidly since the 1990s, faced two deadly incidents this year, prompting questions about structural issues. Despite significant investments, the efficiency of the network is questioned due to routes serving low-demand areas. The liberalization of the rail market in 2021 allowed new operators like Ouigo and Iryo to enter, increasing competition and passenger numbers. However, Renfe, the national operator, must manage all routes, impacting its profitability.