How should Europe respond to cyberattacks from Russia? "Counter-hack, because sanctions make no impression"

Tim Haesebroeck, a professor of international politics, argues that European countries should retaliate against Russian cyberattacks by hacking back at the responsible hackers or security services. He believes that sanctions are ineffective and that a proportional response is necessary to deter further attacks. Haesebroeck emphasizes the importance of coordinated European action, suggesting that offensive cyber operations should be a response to aggression rather than proactive measures. He warns against escalating tensions but insists that Europe must demonstrate strength to impose costs on Russia. Currently, he feels Europe is not responding adequately to ongoing cyber threats from Russia.