Vigilantism, the violence of citizens who intend to substitute the State

On October 17, fitness influencer Alpha Rise urged his followers to form citizen support groups to protect businesses during social protests. He promised a peaceful presence, emphasizing non-violence and police authority. However, many online users called for violent militia actions, leading to far-right groups clashing with protesters on October 24. Sociologist Matthijs Gardenier describes these autonomous groups as part of vigilantism, where individuals take justice into their own hands, often under the guise of protecting others.